London’s air quality

Air quality is terribly important. There are various ways in which air can be polluted and various ways to test that the air quality is of a sufficiently high standard so as not to present a hazard to human health. One of the most important ways of measuring air quality is to measure pollution particles in the air that have an aerodynamic diameter of less than ten micrometres. If the particulate matter in the air at a given place is less than ten micrometres the measurement of this particulate matter is referred to as PM₁₀.

There is no green in Formula One

Many people enjoy Formula One racing in which extremely powerful cars race around a racetrack over a season. I am not one of those who enjoy motor racing or indeed driving, but that is a personal thing and I ought to declare my prejudice against the “sport of F1 at the outset.

Zero Carbon is a myth

Zero Carbon is to some people a consummation devoutly to be wished and for others such stuff which dreams are made on. For me, it is a foolish fallacy that stands in the way of real climate change action.

Electric cars – part of the solution

In China there are plans to launch a new electric car which can hold five passengers and travel 250 miles on a single charge. It also might be fully charged in an hour. If the claims are justified the E6 will transform the automotive market and the technology I am sure will be adopted by all the major car manufacturers. For the environment this is good news, as the electric car will not produce dust, soot and particular emissions.

Highly polluting cars – should we have the freedom to buy them?

In order to reduce carbon emissions we have to reduce choice; choice enables people to emit carbon dioxide and other pollutants without paying the real price and without regard to the consequences for the rest of us. This applies in many areas of living – household energy consumption, appliances, aviation, packaging and consumption but nowhere is it more obvious than in the field of motoring.

The carbon footprint of moving people

If you have ever been in an American airport or walked in any large American city you will have rapidly become aware of the massive amount of transportation that America devotes to moving people. There are cars, planes, railways, boats and buses trams and other forms of public transport. People often associate pollution and climate change solely with transportation. Of course there are other culprits but transportation is a particularly large source of greenhouse gas emissions and pollution in the United States, accounting as it does for 20% of US energy consumption and 5% of world energy consumption. Apart from sail vessels and horse drawn canal barges there are no forms of clean renewable energy for transportation.

I shall not anticipate a green budget

On 22^nd April the Government of the United Kingdom will announce their budget for the forthcoming year. This is when the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr Darling, will announce how much money the Government will expect to receive from taxation, and how much money it expects to spend.

Electric cars which you can use for electricity storage

Sometimes you need vision to identify a solution to a problem and the hardest thing is to think laterally to solve the problem. Storing electricity is hard to do, especially in large quantities. In the home you store heat in your radiators and in your hot water cylinders and tanks but you do not usually store electricity save in the batteries of a few hand held devices. 

If we could easily store electricity we could save a great deal of energy. Electricity power stations operate most efficiently when they run at constant rates, but the demand fluctuates greatly. So we waste a lot of fossil fuel is generating electricity that no one uses and which we cannot store. If we could store it we would generate less of the stuff, thereby emitting fewer pollutants and less carbon dioxide. 

To store electricity on a large scale is very hard. You can build highly inefficient large batteries but these have their own environmental problems. You can build a dam and create a lake below the dam. When you have surplus electricity you wish to store, you can pump the water up to the dam. When you want to use the electricity you can let it flow back to the lake through generators which feed current back into the grid. There is actually one of these storage sites in North Wales, but they use land, a scarce resource close to urban areas, and flooding land has several bad environmental effects including the release of carbon dioxide and methane from rotting vegetation. 

There  might be other ways of storing electricity but no one could think of them until eleven years ago when Willett Kempton of the University of Delaware and Steven Letendre of Green Mountain College thought about electric cars.  They reasoned (eleven years ago), before a single electric car was available for sale, that if every car in the United States was powered by electricity the battery storage capacity of all those cars would have much greater capacity than all the US  electricity generating utilities.

They also knew that all cars spend much more time idle and not being driven than they spend being used. In fact cars spend 95% of their time doing nothing with their engines turned off. Why not use the massive batteries in electric car for storing grid electricity when the cars are not working and draw out the power if necessary when the cars are idle? The critical part of this thinking was to recognise that electric vehicles are not just a load but also offer storage possibilities. They also recognised that instead of renewable electricity export to the grid (which often is inefficient and often happens when the grid does not need the current) the batteries of electric cars can be used to store domestically produced renewable electricity from your PV system or your local wind turbine. 

In 1997 there were no commercially produced electric car and the computer software and hard ware industry was a lot less sophisticated and a lot more expensive than it is today. There was no broadband. Now in 2008 researchers at the University of Delaware (Willett Kempton again) have found a way to use electric cars and hybrid cars as an intermediate store of electricity. A prototype has even been produced by a Californian company, A C Propulsion, whose car has an inboard computer using broadband over the plug in electric cable that connects the car to the mains.  

When you have several thousand vehicles so connected there is a critical mass which can store electricity generated when no one wants it, and put back the current in peak times, provided the car is not being used. It saves a lot of wasted electricity, and prevents carbon emissions and enables generating stations to operate more efficiently with lower baseloads. 

If we can get past the prototype stage and if we can get broadband sent over electricity cables with sockets created specially for electric cars all over London, we can significantly reduce emissions using fleets of electric cars. I should say “might” because we have to understand the down side (there are always down sides); we have to factor in the environmental cost of batteries, for example.  

If it works it might well help transport be significantly less carbon intensive and in the very long term reduce the need for so many fossil fuel or nuclear power stations. 

To prevent catastrophic climate change we must to use all available technologies appropriately and devices, modify behaviour, act imaginatively and think laterally. I have never been convinced of the environmental benefits of the electric car, which I fear simply moves emissions from city centres to power stations. If we can use electric cars as electricity stores then the argument in their favour is compelling.

Electric Cars

If you come into the congestion charging zone of central London you will without doubt see some electric cars, usually the Indian made G-Wiz.  Users of electrically powered cars are exempt from paying the congestion zone charge, which is £8 a day, and they get exemptions from paying London’s car parking charges which are usually at least £8 an hour at parking meters, often more than that at car parks. These benefits are the courtesy of the Mayor of London’s initiative, to make London more of a green city than it is.

So if you have to travel into Central London to work every day and you can afford the £8,000 for an electric car, you will save thousands each year.  You can even top up its electric batteries at council expense.

The G-Wiz is marketed as a zero emissions car. By that I suppose that the makers mean that the while the car is driven it does not emit carbon dioxide or other particulates, but of course it is not really in any way a zero emission vehicle. The electricity it consumes has to be made in a power station, and you have around 99% chance that it will be generated by fossil fuel or nuclear power.

In giving all these exemptions for electric cars the Mayor of London is not really making London greener; all he is doing is making London appear greener than it is. When you use an electric car you are simply transferring the emissions from the streets of London to a power station located elsewhere. They still invade the atmosphere. Also with battery powered cars you have to take into account the cost of recycling the battery, in environmental terms, something that the advertising usually ignores.

Treat with scepticism any claim that any thing like transport, housing, or events are “zero emissions” or “carbon neutral”.  There is no such thing as a free lunch.